sight lines that focus on the important features of a recreation area or facility

spatial relationships (the use of space)

the results of the finished area to enhance the quality of the recreational experience for the users

the orientation of play spaces with respect to the sun angle and predominant wind direction;

the topography of the developed and undeveloped outdoor space

the existing and necessary surface and sub-surface irrigation and drainage

the appropriate use of natural and man-made barriers

environmental concerns, and

the minimization of normal wear and vandalism (Macomber, 1993)

signage in large lettering

perimeter fencing or use of natural barriers

programmable or light-sensitive night lighting

pedestrian and vehicular circulation with ease of maintenance and unobstructed views at cross traffic intersections

smooth (skid resistant) pavement for path or roadways

appropriate use of bollards (permanent and removable barriers) restricting vehicular traffic on pedestrian and bike paths

security surveillance

Flat fields use a parallel or grid drainage pattern.

Crown fields use a herringbone pattern.

selecting the appropriate grass for the locality;

mowing grass at the proper height and frequency;

fertilizing at the correct rate and schedule according to the turfgrass growth;

irrigating as needed for establishment;

aerifying to reduce soil compaction or dethatching as needed;

using the correct preemergince and postemergence herbicides to create a healthy turf.

Bermuda grass;

Kentucky bluegrass;

tall fescue;

perennial reygrass; and

creeping bentgrass.

Southern states: mostly Bermuda grass.

Transition zones: mostly tall fescue and specifically developed Bermuda grass.

Cold zones: Kentucky bluegrass and perennial rye grass

    Reserved parking is typically the most expensive, with the lowest occupancy.

    Zoned parking typically restricts parkers to an area close to their work site. The occupancy rate is generally higher than that for reserved parking.

    Open parking, provides a system of parking on a first-come basis and has the highest occupancy rate. As the demand for parking increases, the level of frustration grows as customers perceive wasted time in not having available parking spaces.

    Reserved space or area. This option is usually the most expensive and has the lowest occupancy rate. If the demand exceeds the supply, the challenge may be to develop criteria for eligibility that customers perceive to be fair.

    Core area parking. This option provides parking within a reasonably short walking distance to most recreation or sports facilities.

    Perimeter parking. This option provides parking that requires a longer walk or a short bus ride to most recreation or sports facilities.

    Motorcycle programs. Space that typically cannot be used for vehicle parking may be promoted for motorcycle parking.

    Carpool/vanpool programs. This is a cost-effective approach for those who are willing to contend with the perceived inconvenience of organizing.

    Bicycle parking. Bicycle parking should always be promoted and offered, from the traditional hoops to bicycle lockers. Because many bicycles are expensive, the provision of lockers may promote the use of bicycles over vehicles. Attended bike corrals are also becoming more popular.

    Park-and-ride parking. This option may provide an opportunity to share resources with the surrounding community, to reduce operating costs, to take advantage of parking space that may be underused, and to promote commuting among participants.