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Module 1 - Criteria and Context - Online Lesson
Four Phases of Tourism - Jafari's four
platforms
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Advocacy platform: 1950's - 1960's.
Tourism considered an ideal activity with few negative impacts for tourist
destinations. Government should promote tourism. |
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Cautionary platform: 1970's. Proposed
that tourism would eventually result in negative impacts for tourism
destinations unless it was carefully planned and regulated. |
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Adaptancy platform: 1980"s. Promoted
less mass tourism and more alternative tourism. Alternative tourism included:
home stays; cultural villages and volunteer tourism. |
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Knowledge-based platform: 1990's.
Promotes planning for specific tourism activities and destinations which
attempt to scientifically determine impacts and capacities for tourism
destinations. |
Definition
Four core criteria of ecotourism.
1) A form of tourism. The most common
reason for travel is visiting friends and relatives (VFR). A "tourist" will also
travel outside of their normal residence and spend a specific amount of time at
a destination.
2) Basis in nature. Attractions are
based primarily on a natural environment (ecosystem) or some component of that
environment. It also may have a cultural component associated with the natural
environment.
3) Learning. Visitors are motivated by
the opportunity to gain knowledge or appreciation of a natural area or culture.
4) Sustainability. Sustainable is a
critical factor in any ecotourism definition. It is "development that meets the
needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs" (WCED, 1987, p. 43).
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biocentric: Nature centered. |
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anthropocentric: Human centered. |
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steady statesustainability:
maintaining the status quo or what is already there (passive ecotourism). |
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enhanced sustainability: improve the
existing situation (active ecotourism). |
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Best practice: the best knowledge or
practice. |
Even though there are numerous
suggestions for ecotourism definitions in the text, this class will use the
following:
The International Ecotourism Society
(TIES) definition of Ecotourism as "a form of tourism that entails responsible
travel to natural areas and which conserves the environment and sustains the
well-being of local people."
"Ecotourism is a form of tourism
that fosters learning experiences and appreciation of the natural environment,
or some component thereof, within its associated cultural context. It is managed
in accordance with industry best practice to attain environmentally and socioculturally sustainable
outcomes as well as financial viability" (Weaver, 2008, p.17).
Ecotourism and Other Tourism Types
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Nature-based tourism. Any type of
tourism that relies on attractions directly related to the natural
environment.. Ecotourism is a subset of nature-based tourism. |
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Cultural tourism. Cultural
tourism's focus is on the cultural aspects of a visitor's experience. |
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Adventure tourism. This includes:
an element of risk; a higher level of physical exertion; and a need for
specialized skills to participate successfully and safely in the activity. |
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Hybrids. These forms of tourism
address complex and multi-faceted visitor experiences. They include:
trekking, ACE tourism (adventure, culture and ecotourism); and NEAT
(nature-based, ecotourism, and adventure tourism). |
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3S (sea, sand and sun) tourism.
Tourism based mostly on mass tourism (resort). |
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Alternative tourism and mass
tourism. This spans the variety of tourism form small-scale to mass
tourism. One being no better or worse that the other depending on the
impacts and sustainability of the activities. |
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Sustainable tourism. An area of
sustainable tourism that includes all ecotourism, most of alternative
tourism and mass tourism. |
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Consumptive and non-consumptive
tourism.
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Consumptive tourism: involves tangible
products or materials removed form the natural environment (artifact collecting,
hunting and fishing).
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Non-consumptive tourism: involves
visitor's experiences such as bird watching, whale watching, backpacking etc..
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Extractive tourism. Used by the text
instead of consumptive tourism.
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Ecotourism Activities
Source: Adapted form Weaver, Faulkner & Lawton, 1999
Return to Module Two
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